Cultural Modalities of Vietnamese Higher Education

The chapter adopts an inside-out approach to interpreting the cultural modalities of the vietnamese higher education. It debunks these modalities in three categories: vietnamese traditions, confucianism, and buddhism. Also, it attends closely to post-1945 nation-state identities dominated by marxismleninism and ho chi minh ideologies. This chapter serves as a cornerstone for subsequent chapters to explore various aspects of higher education reforms. 2019, Springer nature singapore pte ltd.